Stochastic strategies

The last section already hinted at the vast number of difficulties facing cooperation in a selfishly exploitative environment if it still satisfies the conditions of an IPD. It appears even more difficult, if the individuals operate in a 'noisy' environment. Certain actions may be misinterpreted due to random malfunctions in perception or transmission and retaliatory individuals such as TFTers end up in a sequence of reprisals until the next error occurs.